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Holland noted that \"one key difference\" between the two escapes was the actions of a tower guard whose primary responsibility was to monitor inmates in the exercise yard.

\"In Bolte's escape, the tower officer observed the subject leaving the yard area and contacted control immediately. That is why Bolte was apprehended within 5 minutes,\" Holland said. \"In the escape of Cavalcante, the tower officer did not observe nor report the escape. The escape was discovered as part of the count that occurs when the inmates come in from the exercise yard.\"

'Vicious cycle'

Shubik-Richards said she could not evaluate the performance of the tower guard in the Cavalcante's case. But \"this is not an issue of one guard in one tower,\" she added.

\"Poor staffing ratios are a vicious cycle,\" Shubik-Richards said. \"Because when you don't have enough staff, the staff you do have are forced to work extraordinary hours of overtime. And when you have tired, disgruntled staff, often operating on fumes, that's not safe for the staff themselves. That's not safe for the people in their custody. And, as we've seen, it can be not safe for the community.\"

\"PHOTO:
U.S. Marshals Service
PHOTO: Danilo Cavalcante being taken into police custody, Sept. 13, 2023.
>

Jeff Mellow, a professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in Manhattan, told ABC News that escapes as a whole are extremely rare, but that research indicates that county jails and prisons experience more breakouts than larger long-term lockups like state and federal prisons.

\"Oftentimes they have fewer resources than state and federal facilities,\" Mellow said. \"So many of our jails and prisons across the country are understaffed and they are just not being resourced properly.\"

He noted that there is only so much that can be done to prevent escapes.

Pennsylvania requires state inspections of county prisons like the one in Chester County, but those inspections are not required to include checking facilities for escape risk, according to state law.

Three recent high-profile breakouts from Pennsylvania county prisons each occurred less than 15 months after these mandatory inspections.

\"These inspections are based on minimum regulatory requirements for operation and are not a security or vulnerability analysis,\" Pennsylvania Department of Corrections spokesperson Maria Bivens told ABC News.

'It takes intention and investment'

Shubik-Richards said finding the correction officers to fill the vacant positions presents another challenge.

\"This is a statewide and a national issue. And it's not an issue with a quick fix,\" Shubik-Richards said. \"Hiring a quarter of your staffing complement doesn't happen quickly. And training people to be professional prison guards is not something that just takes one week of a Zoom class. This is a highly nuanced, skilled, important community safety, community resilience position. So, it takes intention and investment.\"

But Shubik-Richards said she believes there are steps that can be taken to lessen the risks of escape, one being the reduction of the number of people held in county jails for non-violent offenses or because of delays in getting a court date.

\"You don't need as many staff if you don't have as many people in custody,\" Shubik-Richards said. \"During the pandemic, when we viewed prisons as a public health crisis ... every county really worked hard to make sure that they were only detaining people who were really risks to public safety. In the last two years, the number of people in jail in Pennsylvania has started to grow again.\"

She said the average citizen as well as policymakers don't think of jails and prisons until there is a problem, like an escape.

\"Many people in the public and many policymakers ignore prisons. They're hidden, they're closed and we forget about them. And we dismiss them,\" Shubik-Richards said. \"It is a shame that a really dangerous escape like [Cavalcante's] is what it takes to pay attention to our jails.\"

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